金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，對研制和(he)發(fa)展新金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)、改進(jin)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)質量(liang)、限度發(fa)揮材(cai)料(liao)(liao)潛力(選(xuan)(xuan)用適當的(de)(de)(de)許用應(ying)力、分析金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)制件(jian)(jian)故障、確(que)保(bao)(bao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)制件(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)計合理以及使用維(wei)護的(de)(de)(de)安(an)可(ke)靠，都是(shi)必不可(ke)少的(de)(de)(de)手段(見金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)表(biao)征)。金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)基本任(ren)務是(shi)正確(que)地選(xuan)(xuan)用檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)儀器、裝(zhuang)備和(he)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣，確(que)定合理的(de)(de)(de)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)判據(ju)(ju)，并準(zhun)(zhun)確(que)而盡可(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)快地測(ce)(ce)(ce)出這種(zhong)判據(ju)(ju)。 測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)方(fang)法和(he)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian) 為了確(que)切表(biao)征金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)在使用(服役(yi)(yi))條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)下(xia)所表(biao)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)為,力學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)應(ying)盡量(liang)接(jie)近實(shi)際工(gong)作條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)。除普通(tong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(利用試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣進(jin)行(xing)力學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi))外，近年來又發(fa)展出模(mo)擬試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗，即應(ying)用機件(jian)(jian)模(mo)型，或甚至使用真實(shi)機件(jian)(jian)，在模(mo)擬機件(jian)(jian)真實(shi)工(gong)作條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)下(xia)進(jin)行(xing)力學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗。通(tong)過這種(zhong)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗所得到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)力學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(使用性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng))判據(ju)(ju)，能(neng)(neng)(neng)更真實(shi)反映工(gong)作條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)下(xia)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，具有(you)重(zhong)大的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)程(cheng)實(shi)際意義。但是(shi)，模(mo)擬試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗般缺(que)乏普遍性(xing)(xing)(xing)，應(ying)用受到(dao)限制。然而根據(ju)(ju)具體情況，進(jin)行(xing)部分模(mo)擬服役(yi)(yi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)力學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)還是(shi)十(shi)分必要的(de)(de)(de)。 試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗設(she)(she)備、試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣形狀、尺寸和(he)加工(gong)方(fang)法、加荷速率、溫度、介質等，均影響金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)結果。只有(you)采用相同的(de)(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗方(fang)法標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)和(he)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)規(gui)程(cheng)，才(cai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)保(bao)(bao)證金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)結果的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)靠性(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)可(ke)比性(xing)(xing)(xing)。正確(que)選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)和(he)執行(xing)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)，是(shi)確(que)保(bao)(bao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)質量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)要條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)。
測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內容 金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)是(shi)研究金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)在力(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)下(xia)所表現的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)為和(he)(he)發生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)現象。由于作(zuo)用(yong)力(li)(li)點(如力(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)類、施力(li)(li)方式和(he)(he)應(ying)力(li)(li)狀(zhuang)態等)和(he)(he)受(shou)力(li)(li)狀(zhuang)態所處環境(jing)的(de)(de)(de)不同(tong)，金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)在受(shou)力(li)(li)后表現出各種(zhong)不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(如彈(dan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、塑性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、韌(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)強度(du)(du)等)。金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)高低(di)(di)，通(tong)常用(yong)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)判據來(lai)(lai)表征，如抗(kang)(kang)(kang)拉(la)強度(du)(du) 、伸(shen)長率(lv)、沖(chong)擊(ji)韌(ren)(ren)度(du)(du)、疲勞(lao)限等。 金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)制(zhi)件的(de)(de)(de)服(fu)役條(tiao)件復雜，因而，金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)條(tiao)件也是(shi)復雜而多(duo)樣的(de)(de)(de)。試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)過程需要(yao)考慮(lv)的(de)(de)(de)參(can)(can)數(shu)很(hen)多(duo)，常用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)： A 溫度(du)(du) 室溫、高溫、低(di)(di)溫和(he)(he)按(an)照(zhao)定規律(lv)變(bian)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)溫度(du)(du)； B 應(ying)力(li)(li) 拉(la)伸(shen)、壓(ya)縮、彎曲、扭轉、剪切、復合應(ying)力(li)(li)、按(an)定規律(lv)變(bian)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)力(li)(li)和(he)(he)隨(sui)機(ji)應(ying)力(li)(li)等； C 應(ying)變(bian) 軸向(xiang)、徑向(xiang)、表面、彈(dan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、塑性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、總應(ying)變(bian)； D 環境(jing) 空(kong)氣(qi)、真空(kong)、控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)氣(qi)氛、腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)介質、海(hai)水、水蒸氣(qi)、高壓(ya)、腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)、核輻(fu)照(zhao)、宇宙空(kong)間等； E 加荷速率(lv)(或(huo)應(ying)變(bian)速率(lv))低(di)(di)速、中速、高速、超(chao)低(di)(di)速、超(chao)高速等； F 應(ying)力(li)(li)(或(huo)應(ying)變(bian))循環頻(pin)(pin)率(lv) 低(di)(di)頻(pin)(pin)、中頻(pin)(pin)、高頻(pin)(pin)、超(chao)低(di)(di)頻(pin)(pin)、超(chao)高頻(pin)(pin)等； G 時(shi)間 瞬間、短時(shi)、長時(shi)、超(chao)短時(shi)、超(chao)長時(shi)； H 試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣的(de)(de)(de)尺(chi)寸和(he)(he)形(xing)狀(zhuang) 般、小、大、棒狀(zhuang)、板狀(zhuang)、管(guan)狀(zhuang)、絲狀(zhuang)、薄(bo)膜(mo)、環形(xing)、C形(xing)、殊形(xing)狀(zhuang)、帶缺口、帶預制(zhi)裂(lie)紋(wen)或(huo)缺陷、模(mo)型(xing)、實物等。 根據上述參(can)(can)數(shu)，已形(xing)成下(xia)述主(zhu)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)普通(tong)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)方法:抗(kang)(kang)(kang)拉(la)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)、沖(chong)擊(ji)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)、硬度(du)(du)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)、疲勞(lao)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)、蠕變(bian)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(持久強度(du)(du)和(he)(he)應(ying)力(li)(li)松弛試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan))、斷裂(lie)韌(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)(kang)(kang)壓(ya)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)(kang)(kang)彎試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)(kang)(kang)扭試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)(kang)(kang)剪試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)、耐磨(mo)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)、金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)工(gong)藝試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(如杯突、擴口、反復彎曲、鋼管(guan)壓(ya)扁(bian)、鋼絲纏繞試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)等)等。 金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)門綜合性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)學(xue)(xue)(xue)科，它(ta)與數(shu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)、力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)、物理學(xue)(xue)(xue)、金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)以(yi)及無(wu)線電(dian)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)、自(zi)(zi)動控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)、電(dian)子計算機(ji)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)、數(shu)字顯(xian)示技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)、電(dian)液伺服(fu)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)、應(ying)力(li)(li)-應(ying)變(bian)測(ce)量技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)、近代無(wu)損檢驗(yan)(yan)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)、儀器(qi)儀表制(zhi)造技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)等密切相關。60年代以(yi)來(lai)(lai),由于這些域(yu)的(de)(de)(de)先進成就應(ying)用(yong)到金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中去，使(shi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)精度(du)(du)、能(neng)力(li)(li)和(he)(he)自(zi)(zi)動化(hua)程度(du)(du)顯(xian)著提高，基本(ben)上可實現力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)諸參(can)(can)數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)、測(ce)量和(he)(he)記錄的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)動化(hua)和(he)(he)圖(tu)表化(hua)。金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)正向(xiang)著無(wu)惰性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)電(dian)子化(hua)和(he)(he)盤自(zi)(zi)動化(hua)(廣泛應(ying)用(yong)電(dian)子計算機(ji))的(de)(de)(de)方向(xiang)邁進。
