工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)材(cai)(cai)(cai)選(xuan)(xuan)用是根據(ju)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程設(she)計的(de)總體(ti)要(yao)求、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝數據(ju)條件(jian)(jian)(jian)和采購特(te)(te)點(dian)等(deng)(deng)因素，對(dui)(dui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)子、管(guan)(guan)(guan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)、閥門、法蘭、墊(dian)片、緊固元件(jian)(jian)(jian)、特(te)(te)殊管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)材(cai)(cai)(cai)、隔熱材(cai)(cai)(cai)料、涂漆材(cai)(cai)(cai)料等(deng)(deng)的(de)選(xuan)(xuan)用，包(bao)括(kuo)管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料的(de)標準(zhun)、材(cai)(cai)(cai)質、規格(ge)、結構形式、連接(jie)形式等(deng)(deng)內容(rong)的(de)選(xuan)(xuan)定。在(zai)國內外一些大型工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程公(gong)司(si)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)材(cai)(cai)(cai)選(xuan)(xuan)用的(de)具(ju)體(ti)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作還包(bao)括(kuo)管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料數量(liang)匯總、向采購部(bu)門提(ti)出請(qing)購單(dan)、編制管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料的(de)采購技術要(yao)求文件(jian)(jian)(jian)、對(dui)(dui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料提(ti)供(gong)商文件(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)評(ping)閱、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)場工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)材(cai)(cai)(cai)的(de)檢驗和試驗等(deng)(deng)內容(rong)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)材(cai)(cai)(cai)選(xuan)(xuan)用的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作貫穿工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程設(she)計的(de)整個(ge)過程。在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程項目的(de)詢價、設(she)計、采購、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)及后期(qi)服務(wu)等(deng)(deng)階段均(jun)離不開工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)材(cai)(cai)(cai)的(de)選(xuan)(xuan)用。
①. 標準系列化(hua)
目前大多數管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)及其(qi)(qi)元(yuan)件(jian)都進行了(le)系(xi)(xi)列化，并有(you)相(xiang)應(ying)的(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)作支持。因此，管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)材(cai)料設計時首先要考慮的(de)問題就(jiu)是(shi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)及其(qi)(qi)元(yuan)件(jian)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)系(xi)(xi)列的(de)選用(yong)(yong)。一(yi)(yi)個管(guan)(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)中(zhong)各元(yuan)件(jian)所(suo)用(yong)(yong)系(xi)(xi)列標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)的(de)集(ji)合(he)稱為應(ying)用(yong)(yong)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)體系(xi)(xi)。這些標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)應(ying)包括管(guan)(guan)(guan)子系(xi)(xi)列標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)、管(guan)(guan)(guan)件(jian)系(xi)(xi)列標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)、法(fa)(fa)蘭(lan)及其(qi)(qi)連接件(jian)系(xi)(xi)列標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)、閥門(men)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)等。這些標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)通過一(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)規則(ze)在一(yi)(yi)個管(guan)(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)中(zhong)得到應(ying)用(yong)(yong)，它們之間相(xiang)互銜(xian)接、相(xiang)互配合(he)，從而確定(ding)了(le)管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)及其(qi)(qi)元(yuan)件(jian)的(de)基本參數。這些標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)中(zhong)尤其(qi)(qi)以管(guan)(guan)(guan)子標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)和法(fa)(fa)蘭(lan)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)最具(ju)有(you)代表(biao)性，它們是(shi)其(qi)(qi)他應(ying)用(yong)(yong)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)的(de)基礎。
世(shi)界上各(ge)國應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)管道標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)體(ti)系(xi)有(you)很多，不同的(de)(de)國家有(you)不同的(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)和標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)體(ti)系(xi)，而(er)在我國，不同的(de)(de)行業(ye)又各(ge)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)不同的(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)和標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)體(ti)系(xi)。這些標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)之間千差(cha)萬(wan)別，甚(shen)(shen)至有(you)些標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)和標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)體(ti)系(xi)相(xiang)差(cha)甚(shen)(shen)遠，相(xiang)互(hu)(hu)(hu)之間無法配套(tao)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)和互(hu)(hu)(hu)換(huan)，從而(er)給使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)者帶(dai)來了不少麻煩。為此，工(gong)業(ye)管道設計(ji)的(de)(de)第(di)一(yi)步就是選擇(ze)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)體(ti)系(xi)，并作為裝置內各(ge)個(ge)專業(ye)設計(ji)的(de)(de)統一(yi)規定，以避免各(ge)相(xiang)關(guan)專業(ye)因采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)不能互(hu)(hu)(hu)換(huan)的(de)(de)其他應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)體(ti)系(xi)而(er)導(dao)致錯(cuo)誤。
工(gong)程應(ying)用：配管設計的管子標準系(xi)列不(bu)同引起(qi)的錯(cuo)誤
圖(tu)16.2所示的是在某施工現(xian)場(chang)發現(xian)的，因設計引起的錯(cuo)誤(wu)。兩個裝置在界區接點，因管(guan)(guan)(guan)子(zi)(zi)標準系列(lie)不(bu)同(tong)引起管(guan)(guan)(guan)子(zi)(zi)外徑不(bu)同(tong)而連接不(bu)上(shang)。左(zuo)側(ce)為(wei)ASME標準管(guan)(guan)(guan)子(zi)(zi)，右側(ce)為(wei)HG 20553II標準系列(lie)管(guan)(guan)(guan)子(zi)(zi)，都是DN500的公稱直徑，但是左(zuo)側(ce)管(guan)(guan)(guan)子(zi)(zi)外徑為(wei)508mm，右側(ce)管(guan)(guan)(guan)子(zi)(zi)外徑為(wei)530mm。
②. 國(guo)際化
現在(zai)(zai)的工(gong)(gong)程項目(mu)越(yue)來越(yue)國際(ji)(ji)(ji)化，這就(jiu)要求工(gong)(gong)業管(guan)道器(qi)材(cai)設(she)計(ji)(ji)時按照工(gong)(gong)程項目(mu)的具體要求，選(xuan)用國際(ji)(ji)(ji)化標準的管(guan)道器(qi)材(cai)。管(guan)道器(qi)材(cai)選(xuan)用設(she)計(ji)(ji)標準規范也逐漸在(zai)(zai)統一向通用的國際(ji)(ji)(ji)化標準看齊。
③. 經(jing)濟性
經(jing)濟性(xing)是指管道(dao)的(de)一次投資費用(yong)和(he)操作維護費用(yong)的(de)綜合指數(shu)低(di)。一般(ban)情況下，如(ru)果一次投資較高的(de)話，其(qi)可(ke)(ke)靠性(xing)好，操作、維護費用(yong)低(di)。對(dui)于特別重大和(he)復雜的(de)決策，可(ke)(ke)借(jie)助計(ji)算機(ji)分析取技術和(he)經(jing)濟的(de)最優化組合，如(ru)圖16.3所示。在設(she)計(ji)時，要力爭做到管系(xi)中各元件具有相同的(de)強度和(he)壽命選用(yong)。
④. 多(duo)學科性
工(gong)業(ye)(ye)管(guan)道(dao)器材(cai)設(she)(she)計(ji)是(shi)配管(guan)設(she)(she)計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)基礎技能(neng)(neng)之一，工(gong)業(ye)(ye)管(guan)道(dao)器材(cai)設(she)(she)計(ji)既(ji)要求(qiu)從事(shi)這項設(she)(she)計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)程技術人(ren)員具(ju)有材(cai)料、力學(xue)、機(ji)械(xie)、技術經濟等多學(xue)科知識，還要求(qiu)能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)運用(yong)(yong)好計(ji)算機(ji)和外(wai)語兩(liang)個最重要的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)具(ju)，結合項目實際的(de)(de)(de)采(cai)購情況，根(gen)據(ju)(ju)(ju)工(gong)藝(yi)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)藝(yi)管(guan)道(dao)數據(ju)(ju)(ju)表要求(qiu)，根(gen)據(ju)(ju)(ju)管(guan)道(dao)布(bu)置(zhi)、設(she)(she)備布(bu)置(zhi)和管(guan)道(dao)應力分析的(de)(de)(de)特(te)殊要求(qiu)，根(gen)據(ju)(ju)(ju)甲(jia)方提出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)，并(bing)遵(zun)循相(xiang)關(guan)法規和規定，用(yong)(yong)計(ji)算機(ji)文(wen)本(ben)、表格或者數據(ju)(ju)(ju)庫(ku)表示出(chu)來，成為一個系統的(de)(de)(de)、集體的(de)(de)(de)、創造性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)智(zhi)力勞(lao)動。
⑤. 復雜性
工業(ye)管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)工程(cheng)設計過程(cheng)中實際(ji)應用(yong)的管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)材(cai)種類很多(duo)，使(shi)用(yong)工況也千差萬別，影(ying)響因素(su)和環節也比較多(duo)。工業(ye)管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)是(shi)(shi)一個系統(tong)，各(ge)環節相互(hu)(hu)關聯、相互(hu)(hu)影(ying)響，管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)組成(cheng)件(jian)和管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)支撐件(jian)的種類繁多(duo)，各(ge)種材(cai)料各(ge)有特點和具體技(ji)術(shu)要(yao)求，材(cai)料選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)復雜(za)。管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)長徑比很大，極易失穩(wen)，受力情況比壓(ya)力容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)更復雜(za)。管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)內流體流動(dong)狀態復雜(za)，緩沖余(yu)地(di)(di)小，工作條件(jian)變化頻率比壓(ya)力容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)高（如高溫、高壓(ya)、低溫、低壓(ya)、位移變形、風(feng)、雪、地(di)(di)震等都(dou)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)影(ying)響管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)受力情況）。在做(zuo)管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)材(cai)選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)工作時需要(yao)全面考慮。管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)材(cai)選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)和裝(zhuang)置(zhi)布(bu)置(zhi)、管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)布(bu)置(zhi)、配管(guan)(guan)(guan)應力分(fen)析一樣都(dou)是(shi)(shi)完成(cheng)工程(cheng)項目配管(guan)(guan)(guan)（管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)）設計專業(ye)工作的基本技(ji)術(shu)技(ji)能(neng)(neng)。
