一、供熱系統(tong)與介(jie)質(zhi)
集(ji)(ji)中(zhong)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是指(zhi)一個或(huo)多個集(ji)(ji)中(zhong)的(de)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，通(tong)過供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)管(guan)(guan)網(wang)(wang)向多個熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)用戶(hu)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)能(neng)(neng)的(de)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，它主要由熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)網(wang)(wang)和熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)用戶(hu)組成(cheng)。其(qi)中(zhong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)是指(zhi)將(jiang)天(tian)然或(huo)人造的(de)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形態轉化為符合供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)要求的(de)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)能(neng)(neng)裝置。熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)網(wang)(wang)是指(zhi)由熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)向熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)用戶(hu)輸送和分(fen)配供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)介質(zhi)的(de)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)用戶(hu)是指(zhi)從熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)獲(huo)得熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)能(neng)(neng)的(de)用熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)裝置。集(ji)(ji)中(zhong)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)分(fen)類(lei)方式有(you)三種，可(ke)以根(gen)據(ju)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)分(fen)類(lei)、根(gen)據(ju)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)媒分(fen)類(lei)、根(gen)據(ju)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)管(guan)(guan)網(wang)(wang)分(fen)類(lei)。集(ji)(ji)中(zhong)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)按熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形式的(de)不同可(ke)分(fen)為：熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)電廠(chang)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、區域鍋爐房供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、地(di)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、工業余熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、核(he)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)堆(dui)和太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)等。集(ji)(ji)中(zhong)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)根(gen)據(ju)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)媒不同分(fen)為蒸汽(qi)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)水供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。
熱水熱力網(wang)供熱介質設(she)計壓力小于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)或等于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)2.5MPa，設(she)計溫度小于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)或等于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)200℃；蒸汽(qi)熱力網(wang)供熱介質設(she)計壓力小于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)或等于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)1.6MPa，設(she)計溫度小于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)或等于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)350℃。
對民用建筑(zhu)物采暖(nuan)、通風(feng)、空調(diao)及生(sheng)活(huo)熱(re)水(shui)熱(re)負(fu)荷供(gong)(gong)熱(re)的城市(shi)熱(re)力網，宜(yi)采用水(shui)作供(gong)(gong)熱(re)介質(zhi)。
對生產工(gong)藝熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)負荷(he)和采暖、通風、空調、生活熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)水(shui)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)負荷(he)供(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)的(de)城(cheng)市(shi)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)力網供(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)介(jie)質(zhi)按下列原則確定：當生產工(gong)藝熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)負荷(he)為(wei)主要負荷(he)，且必(bi)(bi)須(xu)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)蒸(zheng)(zheng)汽供(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)時，宜采用(yong)(yong)(yong)蒸(zheng)(zheng)汽作(zuo)供(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)介(jie)質(zhi)；當以水(shui)位(wei)供(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)介(jie)質(zhi)能夠滿足生產工(gong)藝需要（包括在用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)處轉換為(wei)蒸(zheng)(zheng)汽），且技術(shu)經濟合理時，宜采用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)作(zuo)供(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)介(jie)質(zhi)；當采暖、通風、空調熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)負荷(he)為(wei)主要負荷(he)，生產工(gong)藝又必(bi)(bi)須(xu)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)蒸(zheng)(zheng)汽供(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)，經技術(shu)經濟比(bi)較認為(wei)合理時，可采用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)和蒸(zheng)(zheng)汽兩種供(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)介(jie)質(zhi)。
1. 國家現行標準GJJ／T 34《城鎮供(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)管網(wang)設(she)計(ji)規范》適用于(yu)(yu)(yu)供(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)水介(jie)質設(she)計(ji)壓(ya)力(li)(li)小(xiao)于(yu)(yu)(yu)或等(deng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)2.5MPa，設(she)計(ji)溫(wen)度(du)(du)小(xiao)于(yu)(yu)(yu)或等(deng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)200℃；供(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)蒸汽介(jie)質設(she)計(ji)壓(ya)力(li)(li)小(xiao)于(yu)(yu)(yu)或等(deng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)1.6MPa，設(she)計(ji)溫(wen)度(du)(du)小(xiao)于(yu)(yu)(yu)或等(deng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)350℃的下列城鎮供(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)管網(wang)的設(she)計(ji)：以熱(re)(re)(re)(re)電廠或鍋爐房為熱(re)(re)(re)(re)源(yuan)，自熱(re)(re)(re)(re)切至建(jian)筑物熱(re)(re)(re)(re)力(li)(li)人口(kou)的供(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)管網(wang)，供(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)管網(wang)新建(jian)、擴(kuo)建(jian)或改建(jian)的管道、中(zhong)斷泵(beng)站和熱(re)(re)(re)(re)力(li)(li)站等(deng)工藝系統。
2. 國家現(xian)行(xing)(xing)標準GJJ／T 81《城鎮供熱直埋熱水管道技術規程(cheng)》適用于(yu)(yu)(yu)新建、改建、擴建的設計(ji)溫度(du)小于(yu)(yu)(yu)或等(deng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)150℃、設計(ji)壓力小于(yu)(yu)(yu)或等(deng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)2.5MPa，DN小于(yu)(yu)(yu)或等(deng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)1200mm的城鎮供熱直埋熱水管道的設計(ji)、施工、驗收和運行(xing)(xing)管理(li)。
3. 國家現(xian)行標準GJJ／T 104《城鎮供熱(re)直埋(mai)蒸(zheng)汽管道技術規程》適(shi)用(yong)于(yu)工(gong)(gong)作壓力小(xiao)(xiao)于(yu)或(huo)等于(yu)2.5MPa，溫(wen)度小(xiao)(xiao)于(yu)或(huo)等于(yu)350℃，直接埋(mai)地(di)敷設(she)的鋼質外(wai)護(hu)蒸(zheng)汽保溫(wen)管道的設(she)計、施工(gong)(gong)、驗收(shou)及運(yun)行維護(hu)。
二、熱力網的形式(shi)
供熱管(guan)(guan)(guan)網按其(qi)平面(mian)布(bu)置形式可分為枝(zhi)狀(zhuang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)網、環狀(zhuang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)網和多管(guan)(guan)(guan)制(zhi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)網。其(qi)特點(dian)是(shi)：
1. 枝(zhi)狀(zhuang)管網
從熱(re)(re)(re)源(yuan)引(yin)出主干線沿城鎮(zhen)道(dao)路向各熱(re)(re)(re)用戶供熱(re)(re)(re)，形成類(lei)似(si)樹枝(zhi)狀的管(guan)網(wang)(wang)叫枝(zhi)狀管(guan)網(wang)(wang)。枝(zhi)狀管(guan)網(wang)(wang)是(shi)目前我(wo)國城鎮(zhen)供熱(re)(re)(re)中普(pu)遍采用的形式，它(ta)形式簡(jian)單、投資費用低(di)，且運行管(guan)理方便，但安全可靠性(xing)較差，當管(guan)網(wang)(wang)中距離熱(re)(re)(re)源(yuan)較近的主干線發生故障時，會影響較多的熱(re)(re)(re)用戶用熱(re)(re)(re)。
2. 環狀管網(wang)
供熱管網(wang)的主(zhu)干線之間(jian)在適當位(wei)置連通構(gou)成環形(xing)，環狀管網(wang)運(yun)行較(jiao)安全可(ke)靠(kao)，局部發生故(gu)障(zhang)可(ke)通過(guo)環網(wang)供熱。但投(tou)資費(fei)用高。
3. 多管制管網(wang)
一(yi)般用于以下情況：不能間(jian)斷的(de)熱用戶(hu)；供(gong)熱系統中熱用戶(hu)所需介質(zhi)參(can)數差別較大(da)；熱負荷(he)變化較大(da)：季節(jie)性(xing)熱負荷(he)占(zhan)全年總負荷(he)比例較大(da)。
三、熱水(shui)熱力網形式的確(que)定
熱(re)(re)(re)(re)水熱(re)(re)(re)(re)力網宜采(cai)用(yong)閉式(shi)雙管制(zhi)(zhi)。以熱(re)(re)(re)(re)電廠為熱(re)(re)(re)(re)源的(de)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)水熱(re)(re)(re)(re)力網，同時有工(gong)藝、采(cai)暖、通風、空(kong)調、生活熱(re)(re)(re)(re)水多(duo)種熱(re)(re)(re)(re)負荷(he)，在生產工(gong)藝熱(re)(re)(re)(re)負荷(he)與(yu)采(cai)暖熱(re)(re)(re)(re)負荷(he)所需供熱(re)(re)(re)(re)介質參(can)數相差較(jiao)大，或季節性熱(re)(re)(re)(re)負荷(he)占總熱(re)(re)(re)(re)負荷(he)比例(li)較(jiao)大，且(qie)技術(shu)經濟合理時，可采(cai)用(yong)閉式(shi)多(duo)管制(zhi)(zhi)。
當(dang)熱(re)(re)水(shui)熱(re)(re)力(li)網具有水(shui)處理(li)費用較低的豐富的補給水(shui)資源，且技術經濟(ji)合理(li)時，可采用開式熱(re)(re)力(li)網。
當熱(re)水熱(re)力網具有與(yu)生活(huo)熱(re)水熱(re)負荷相適應的廉價低(di)位(wei)能(neng)熱(re)源，且技術經濟合(he)理時，可采用開式熱(re)水網。
開式熱(re)水熱(re)力網在生活熱(re)水熱(re)負荷足夠大且(qie)技術經濟合理時，可不設回水管(guan)。
四、蒸汽(qi)熱力網形(xing)式的確定
蒸汽(qi)熱力網(wang)宜采用單管制。當各用戶間所(suo)需蒸汽(qi)參數相差較大或季節性熱負荷占(zhan)總(zong)熱負荷比例較大且技術經濟合(he)理(li)時，蒸汽(qi)熱力網(wang)可采用雙管或多管制。
蒸汽(qi)熱力網的(de)熱負荷分期增長時，可采(cai)用雙管(guan)或(huo)多管(guan)制。蒸汽(qi)供熱系(xi)統應(ying)(ying)創造條件采(cai)用間(jian)接換熱系(xi)統。當被(bei)加熱介質泄漏不會產生危害時，其凝結水(shui)應(ying)(ying)全部回收并設置凝結水(shui)管(guan)道。
當凝(ning)結(jie)水回(hui)收時，用戶熱(re)力站應設閉式凝(ning)結(jie)水箱，用水泵將凝(ning)結(jie)水送回(hui)熱(re)源。
五(wu)、多供熱(re)(re)源熱(re)(re)力網形式的確定
供熱建筑面積大于1000×104㎡的供熱系統應采用多熱源供熱，且各熱源熱力干線應連通。在技術經濟合理時，熱力網干線可連接成環狀管網。對供熱可靠性有特殊要求的用戶，有條件時應由兩個熱源供熱，或者設自備熱源。
